While physics aims to discover universal laws, its theories lie in explicit domains of applicability. Loosely speaking, the laws ofclassical physics accurately describe systems whose important length scales are greater than the atomic scale and whose motions are much slower than the speed of light.
Outside of this domain, observations do not match their predictions. Albert Einsteincontributed the framework of special relativity, which replaced notions of absolute time and space with spacetime and allowed an accurate description of systems whose components have speeds approaching the speed of light. Max Planck, Erwin Schrödinger, and others introduced quantum mechanics, a probabilistic notion of particles and interactions that allowed an accurate description of atomic and subatomic scales.
Later, quantum field theory unified quantum mechanics and special relativity. General relativity allowed for a dynamical, curved spacetime, with which highly massive systems and the large-scale structure of the universe can be well described. General relativity has not yet been unified with the other fundamental descriptions; several candidates theories of quantum gravity are being developed.
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